Income inequality, characterized by the unequal distribution of wealth and resources, has emerged as a critical issue with profound socio-economic repercussions. As societies grapple with the challenges of income inequality, public policy plays a crucial role in addressing and mitigating its impact. Public policy refers to the decisions and actions taken by governments and other governing bodies to address societal issues and shape the allocation of resources.

In the context of income inequality, public policy serves as a mechanism to reduce disparities, promote social equity, and enhance opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic background. Public policy interventions for income inequality encompass a comprehensive approach, including education reforms, labour market regulations, social safety nets, and taxation policies. These measures target the root causes of income inequality and address its consequences, to create a fairer and more inclusive society.

The Oxfam India report provides valuable insights into the magnitude of economic inequality in the country. It highlights the contrasting realities where India is home to a significant proportion of the world’s population living in poverty while simultaneously witnessing a growing number of billionaires. The top 10% of the Indian population holds 77% of the total national wealth.

And situation is getting worst as according to the Oxfam report, the combined wealth of India’s top 1% of the population increased by 73% in 2017, while bottom 50% of the population saw only 1% increase in wealth further widening the wealth gap.

These alarming statistics underscore the urgent need to address economic inequality through effective public policy interventions. Furthermore, it is important to recognize the unique circumstances of the Northeast region in India, where limited data availability exacerbates the situation. The absence of comprehensive data hampers the formulation of region-specific public policies to effectively tackle economic disparities.

Income inequality has a substantial impact on public policy, particularly in the areas of education and opportunity, healthcare disparities, taxation and redistribution, political influence, and social cohesion. Lower-income children often face disadvantages in terms of educational resources, teacher quality, and access to extracurricular activities. Healthcare disparities arise from limited health insurance coverage among lower-income individuals, resulting in restricted access to high-quality healthcare services. Taxation and redistribution policies play a crucial role in mitigating income inequality. Concentration of wealth among a small portion of the population leads to a disproportionate tax burden on the middle and lower classes.

Income inequality can also influence the democratic process and political decision-making. High levels of income inequality undermine social cohesion and stability, as a significant portion of the population feels economically marginalized and excluded.

Public policy uses a variety of tools to address income inequality, including quantitative approaches (statistical analysis, econometric modelling, and data-driven policy evaluations) and qualitative methods (case studies and comparative analyses). Policy experiments and simulations also allow policymakers to evaluate the possible impact of suggested actions before they are implemented. Policymakers may make informed judgements, establish evidence-based policies, and assess the success of income inequality solutions by combining diverse techniques.

Ref: https://www.oxfam.org/en/india-extreme-inequality-numbers